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The following four tables are from “Basic Energy and CO₂ Data” by S F Bush.

• Table 3: Electricity Generation by type of fuel
• Table 6: Typical Energy Flux Densities
• Table 7: Energy Densities for various fuels
• Table 11: Solar radiation

The following three tables are from “The Fossil Fuel Economy”.

• Table 4: International Comparisons of Electricity Generation & CO₂ emissions 2004
• Table 5: What can Nuclear Do?
• Table 6: What can Wind Do?

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The following four tables are from “Basic Energy and CO₂ Data”.

Table 3: Electricity Generation by type of fuel

Type of Input Fuel	Mtoe		Output Electricity Mtoe (GWh)	Efficiency
Carbon Sources:
Coal	28.6
Oil	1.4
Gas	26.9
Total carbon sources	56.9		23.6 (287,900)	41%*
Non-Carbon:
Nuclear	19.0**		7.6 (92,700	40%
Others	1.1**		0.4 (7,000)	40%
Total non carbon	20.1		8.0 (99,700)	40%
Total electricity	77.0		31.6 (387,600)
Total End-user energy consumption (Table 2)			160 (1952 TWh)

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* Includes the effect of a small amount of combined heat and power (CHP) stations

** These figures are imputed steam cycle efficiencies to enable carbon and non-carbon to be added up at million tonnes of oil equivalent.

Table 6: Typical Energy Flux Densities

	Type of Energy	W/m2
1	Sun’s rays at north European surface averaged over 4 middle hours of the day	200
2	Wind passing through blades of a windmill at 10 m/sec	600
3	120 HP engine in medium-sized saloon car	400,000
4	Steam passing through blades of a steam turbine in electrical power station	200 Million

Table 7: Energy Densities for various fuels

Fuel	MJ/m3	KJ/kg
Coal (anthracite)	36,000	26,000
Natural gas at 10 bar (methane)	372	52,300
Gasoline/kerosene	31,000	44,200
Hydrogen at 10 bar	107	118,700
Uranium fuel (enriched to 2% U235)	26,300 Million	1,650 Million
Wind at 10 m/s	60 x 10-6	–

Table 11: Solar radiation

Outer atmosphere radiation flux	1.4 kw/m2
Allowing for night times and UK cloud cover in our latitude, radiation received in winter months	200 w/m2
For average house heating in winter months (16 KW) thus need (at 50% efficiency)	160 m2 solar panels
For electricity generation by photovoltaic conversion (current efficiency under 10%)	20 w/m2
To provide peak electrical demand in average house (8 KW)	400 m2 Solar panels

The following three tables are from “The Fossil Fuel Economy” by S F Bush.

Table 4: International Comparisons of Electricity Generation & CO₂ emissions 2004

Country	Installed Electricity generation capacity GWatts	Electricity delivered % by fuel source			Electricity delivered per capita kWh p.a.	CO2 emissions[1] per capita tonnes p.a.
		Nuclear	Fossil	Other (mainly hydro)
Britain	67	22	75	3	6420	11.1
Germany	115	19	77	4	6850	9.7
France	117	74	11	15	7900	6.1
Switzerland	16	35	4	61	8380	5.7

Note

It is no accident that the countries with the highest electricity usage per person have:

(a) the least dependence on fossil fuels for electricity generation.

(b) the lowest CO₂ emissions per head of population.

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[1] Data from the Statesman’s Year book 2005 extracted from the World Bank Atlas 2003.

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Table 5

Table 6

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